The term software is generally used for computer software that is an essential part of the computer system . It
stores and process all encoded information or computer instructions on PC. Computer software has very vast scope in
computer world.
According to computer science and software engineering computer software is all information that is processed by
computer systems, programs and other data. Software is completely opposite to hardware, which is used to store or
execute the software. Software is loaded into random access memory and then executed in central processing unit. It
belongs to machine language that is not easy to understand for the users.
Every operating system has its own software that requires an individual processor. It understands machine language
that consists of several groups of binary values, which gives processor instructions and data. Software converts
machine language in simple language that enables the users to understand machine language.
Software generates a connection between electronic hardware and data. The user can operate the sequence of data
instructions with the help of software. Software can use any type of data such as output/input. Sometimes the output
of software can be input for another software. Software provides an interface between hardware, data and other
software.
Software can be divided in three classes such as system software, application software and programming software.
System software enables the users to run computer hardware and computer system including operating system, device
drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing systems and some more.
Users can perform one or more tasks simultaneously with the help of application software. With the help of
application software, they can perform all applications like office suites, business software, databases and games.
Whereas the programming software offers some functional tools that enables the programmer to write difficult
computer programs. Programming software provides some useful tools like text editor, compiler, interpreter, linker
and debugger etc.
After installing software a computer can operate that vary software. Application software passes the instructions to
system software and then computer program executes on computer.
Wednesday, January 30, 2008
Software Guide - Some Tips About Software
Friday, January 25, 2008
How to Recover from (VBS/Loveletter) Virus
The ILOVEYOU, also known as VBS/Loveletter is a computer virus that is written in VBScript. This virus comes in an email with subject line "I LOVE YOU" and contains an attachment. As soon as, user open the attachment, the message being re-sent to all addresses in the address book of the recipient. This virus corrupts all the mail files in Outlook by changing their extension to .MPEG, .JPEG, .MP3, and MP4.
This virus affected only Windows users who are using Outlook 98 and 2000.If you received any such type of message, then delete this message along with the attachment. If you have opened the attachment, shut down your system until you prepared for cleaning up the virus. Make sure that your network connection is disconnected. There are many solutions of this problem is released by many companies.The first Outlook pst repair software, was developed by Narinnat Suksawat on 5th of May, 2005. The name of this anti virus was "Rational Killer."
Microsoft also released a security patch for its Outlook to protect such type of viruses and provided a free update for its users. This patch blocks 37 types of attachments from reaching them in user's inbox. This patch also prevents the virus from using user's address book for sending messages.Many users used to work on Microsoft Outlook 98 or 2000 and still using these software and they haven't updated their systems with new patch released by Microsoft. This virus may affect their Outlook account and may corrupt their mail files. I
f you are one of these users, and you get affected by this virus and it has corrupted your mail account. In such conditions you lost your important mail files and PST files such as notes, contact and calendar. Here to repair you corrupted mails and other data, you need to use PST file recovery.You may apply PST recovery software to repair and recover your corrupted PST files. These software repairs you corrupted or damaged PST files by changing them into original format. These software support GUI interface and you can use them without any high technical knowledge.If this virus has deleted your files from your inbox or other folder, you may also recover these deleted files with the help these software.
How Can You Protect Your PC From The Attack Of Virus?
If you find a virus in your system and can establish precisely what it is, it is a time to remove it from your system. Having procedures in place to detect viruses is important is a plan for how you will remove what ever you find. you must remember that the majority of virus alarms turn out to be false alarms, and are the result of some user , software ,or hardware error , proceed with your detection assuming that although it may be a virus , it just as likely to be something else , so note all symptoms carefully and see what the combination point to.
If the problem turn out to be a virus, it is still important not to panic. You need a cool head to minimize further damage and to remove the virus as cleanly and efficiently as possible, don’t just get out your copy of FORMAT or FDISK and start formatting the hard disk. Using an Anti-Virus Product Most antivirus products offer virus removal capabilities.
Usually these functions are built into the scanner, giving you the option to remove a virus from a file the moment it is detected in the file. Removal of some viruses is fairly straightforward for antivirus products can remove some viruses, but can’t remove very many. When choosing a product, ask whether the product can remove all common removable viruses. Some viruses can’t be removed, no matter how clever the author of the antivirus software.
This is because the virus has overwritten some of your original program, effectively erasing it. Without knowledge of what was supposed to be where the virus “sat down” all an antivirus product can do is offer to delete the entire program. Virus Detection Strategy If the virus is detected in the memory, but not in any file, and if the virus detected is an extremely rare virus, ask yourself whether another scanner that leaves in memory the scan string it was using can produce a false alarm when another scanner runs.
If the virus is detected in only one program on your hard disk , ask your self how often you have used this program ,If you have used it several times in the past , then any virus it has had an opportunity to infect other files, if it has not done so yet, it probably a false alarm , don’t delete the single program in which the virus was reported and don’t attempt removal, instead , reboot from an uninfected , write protected floppy disk and run another scanner to determine if it too finds something in this file . If it doesn’t assume that it is a false alarm. If the virus is detected in several programs you use commonly, you almost certainly have an infection. Do not attempt to remove the virus product yet! You may cause irreparable harm to your files.
Protecting computers from viruses Simply, do not give out your email address to widely, and never access a floppy disk given by someone you don’t know. Plus there is a load of antivirus software available which can help detect and clean out viruses, but then remember, virus programmers are driven By the desire to stay ahead of this kind of software.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS There are three things one can do to prevent viral infection in a computer system. These are:- 1) limited sharing of software 2) limited transitivity 3) limited functionality One can limit sharing by limiting information flow so as to form a post office set of communicating information domains in a network system , in such a system , a virus will spread only to those domains which are in the transitive flow path from its initial source.
In a system with unlimited sharing by limited information paths, limited transitivity may have an effect if users do not use all available paths, but since there is always a direct path between any two user , there s always the possibilities of infection . as an example , in a system , with transitivity limited to a distance of 1, it is safe to share information with any user you trust without having to worry about whether the user has wrongly trusted another user.
Analysts Speculate IT Tech Trends for 2008
What are the experts predicting for tech trends in 2008? At the recent Gartner Symposium/ITxpo held last October in Orlando, more than 6000 senior business and IT strategists from virtually all major industries gathered for the industry's largest conference to gain the latest advice on driving profits and performance with IT. Attendees rely on the Gartner Symposium/ITxpo for their annual planning and to gain insight into how their organizations can best use IT to address business challenges and improve operational efficiency.
Reflecting Gartner's very latest research findings, the analysts projected the 10 technologies likely to play a 'strategic' role in 2008. Gartner defines a strategic technology as one "with the potential for significant impact on the enterprise in the next three years." In addition Gartner also looks at "high potential for disruption to IT or the business, the need for a major dollar investment, or the risk of being late to adopt."
"Companies should factor these technologies into their strategic planning process by asking key questions and making deliberate decisions about them during the next two years," said David Cearley, vice president and distinguished analyst at Gartner. "Sometimes the decision will be to do nothing with a particular technology. In other cases it will be to continue investing in the technology at the current rate. In still other cases, the decision may be to test/pilot or more aggressively adopt/deploy the technology. The important thing is to ask the question and proactively plan."
Here's a look at the top 10 tech trends, and what Gartner had to say about them:
Green IT: The focus of Green IT that came to the forefront in 2007 will increase in 2008. As the impact on power grids, carbon emissions from increased use and other environmental impacts are under investigation, companies should be mindful of potential regulations that could limit the building of data centers, and should be prepared with backup plans for handling growing data demands.
Unified Communications: At present only 20 percent of the installed base with PBX has migrated to IP telephony, with more doing some sort of trial testing. Gartner says that over the next three years the majority of corporations will migrate to Internet Protocol telephony, resulting in a major change in voice communications.
Business Process Modeling: Top-level process services must be defined jointly by a set of roles (which include enterprise architects, senior developers, process architects and/or process analysts). A key to success will be an organization's ability to bring these roles together, whether they be process or service designated. Gartner also expects business process management software suites to better complement SOA applications development.
Metadata Management: Over the next three years, companies working to integrate both customer data and product data will link these master data management efforts together in an overall enterprise information management (EIM) strategy. According to Gartner "This critical part of a company's information infrastructure will enable optimization, abstraction, and semantic reconciliation of metadata to support reuse, consistency, integrity and shareability." Metadata management, Gartner notes, also extends into SOA software development projects with service registries and application development repositories.
Virtualization 2.0: Virtualization technologies can improve IT resource utilization, but with the addition of automation technologies-with service-level, policy-based active management-even greater improvements are possible. "Resource efficiency can improve dramatically, flexibility can become automatic based on requirements, and services can be managed holistically, ensuring high levels of resiliency," Gartner says.
Mashup and Composite Apps: Over the next 3 years, Web mashups will be the way companies create composite enterprise applications, Gartner predicts. Mashup technologies will evolve significantly over the next five years, and application leaders must take this evolution into account when evaluating the impact of mashups and in formulating an enterprise mashup strategy.
Web Platform and Web-Oriented Architecture: Software-as-a-Service, in which applications are available on-demand over the Web, is becoming a sensible option for many companies. Emerging Web platforms, Gartner says, will provide service-based access to information, applications, and business processes through Web-based "cloud computing" environments. Companies must also look beyond SaaS to examine how Web platforms will impact their business in 3-5 years.
Computing Fabric: According to Gartner researchers, "A computing fabric is the evolution of server design beyond the interim stage, blade servers, that exists today. The next step in this progression is the introduction of technology to allow several blades to be merged operationally over the fabric, operating as a larger single system image that is the sum of the components from those blades. The fabric-based server of the future will treat memory, processors, and I/O cards as components in a pool, combining and recombining them into particular arrangements to suit the owner's needs." The researcher added, "For example a large server can be created by combining 32 processors and a number of memory modules from the pool, operating together over the fabric to appear to an operating system as a single fixed server."
Real World Web: The term "real world Web" is informal, referring to places where information from the Web is applied to the particular location, activity or context in the real world. Gartner states, "It is intended to augment the reality that a user faces, not to replace it as in virtual worlds. It is used in real-time based on the real world situation, not prepared in advance for consumption at specific times or researched after the events have occurred." It gives the example of a navigation unit that adjusts the information it delivers as a car or boat moves around. Gartner sees real world Web application improving many business processes and creating new revenue streams.
Social Software: The Web 2.0 market will go through a lot of changes between now and 2010, Gartner says, and will experience considerable flux with continued product innovation and new entrants, resulting in considerable vendor consolidation. However, the research firm does see social networking being adopted by many enterprises to augment traditional collaboration.
According to Gartner, "These 10 opportunities should be considered in conjunction with many proven, fully-matured technologies, as we as others that did not make this list, but can provide value for many companies," said Carl Claunch, vice president at Gartner. "For example, real-time enterprises providing advanced devices for a mobile workforce will consider next-generation smartphones to be a key technology, in addition to the value that this list might offer."
Program
Program or Software is a group of computer instructions which have sort.
With the program computer can do something like a word processor. In modern computer, computer can do many instructions without a mistake and the process doesn’t need much time, the computer can execute billion of instruction every second.
In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode, the command to multiply them would have a different opcode and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions, the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from—each with a unique numerical code.
All of code or symbol which computer process as appliance communicates, as a way to submit the human think to the computer in the form of commands is a Programming Language.
There are three kind of Programming Language, they are :
1. Machine Code
Machine Code A language that only have ‘0 and 1’ codes or ‘Blaze and Extinct’.
Example : Apple 6502
2. Low Level Language
It is a language that has codes too, but no longer use ‘0 and 1’ , this language use alphabets.
Example : Assembly Language
3. High Level Language
In this language, language that in use has come near human languages, because the commands in this language are sentences which represent words in English.
Example : BASIC (Beginners All-purpose symbolic Instruction Code), COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), FORTRAN (Formula Translator), Pascal, etc.
From Various Reference
Computer Types
Computer that we use are have many types.
The type is determined from several thing :
- Based From Data Processing
Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Hybrid Computers
- Based From The Function
General Purpose
Special Purpose
- Based From The Capacities
Micro Computer
Mini Computer
Small Computer
Medium Computer
Large Computer
Super Computer
From Various Reference
Joseph M Jacquard
Man Behind The Computer
Jacquard died at Oullins (Rhône), 7 August 1834. Six years later a statue was erected to him in Lyon, on the site where his 1801 exhibit loom was destroyed.
How The Computers Work ?
A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.
The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuits called a Microprocessor.
The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) directs the various components of a computer. It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions in the program one by one. The control system decodes each instruction and turns it into a series of control signals that operate the other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance.
A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.
The control system's function is as follows—note that this is a simplified description, and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order depending on the type of CPU:
Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program counter.
Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for each of the other systems.
Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory (or perhaps from an input device). The location of this required data is typically stored within the instruction code.
Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.
Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps an output device.
Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as "jumps" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of control flow)
It is noticeable that the sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program - and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer that runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen.
Adapted from : Wikipedia.org
Computer’s History
Computer is true newly sounded so scream at this last several years, exactly at mid-20th century ( around 1940 – 1945 ), but do you know that the prototype of computer ( computing device ) already started for centuries ago.
According to the history, the first device to computing is made by Chinese, the name of the device is Abacus (which dates from about 150-100 BC), and than after that many devices are pop out.
The end of the middle Ages saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and Wilhelm Scihkard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers. However, none of those devices fit the modern definition of a computer because they could not be programmed.
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom that used a series of punched paper cards as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.
At industrial revolution in 19th centuries, start to be recognize two factory tools system (1812), machine that operated by human and by a machine language.
In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer that he called "The Analytical Engine". Due to limited finances, and an inability to resist tinkering with the design, Babbage never actually built his Analytical Engine.
After long process, the first generation computer was made in 1942. At this generation computer is really huge, his weight until 30 ton. Its caused by the primary component at this computer is vacuum tube ( electronic vacuum tubes ). Example of this generation is ENIAC ( electronic numerical integrator and calculator ).
The second generation of computer is pop out in 1959. At the second generation, transistor and magnetic core storage were begin used. Computer at this generation is not common heat than generation before. Some examples of this generation are IBM series 1400, 1401, 1600, and series 7070-7090.
At the third generation, the primary component that was used is Integrated Circuit ( IC ).
Inside this IC there is millions transistors that compacted, the example is IBM S/370.
Along with the growth of epoch, start at 1971, the computer scientist was began compacted millions of IC that we call Microprocessor. This computer is the fourth generation.
Now some people said that we already entered in the fifth generation, because in the modern computer now there is new components.
Computer, what is it ?
According to language, computer based from Computare that have means is calculate.
In Modern meaning computer is a machine that can do the data manipulation according to a list of instruction. To do that, computer need something helps that we call programs.
From other People computer maybe have different meaning, its depend on their needed with the computer.
From some expert writer in computer, they have means :
1. Robert H B ( Computer Annual )
Computer is an electronic that can do some work :
- Receive input
- Input processing according to their program
- Saving commands and result of from processing
- Providing output in information form
2. Donald H Sanders ( Computer Today )
Computer is electronic system that quickly and precisely for data manipulation.
3. V. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko G. Vranesic, Safwat G. Zaky ( Computer Organization )
Computer is a quickly electronically calculating machine, can input digital information, processing according to their program that their saving.
4. William M Fuori ( Introduction to the computer : The tools of business )
Computer is a data processor that can do big calculation and quickly, including arithmetic or logical operation, without human intervene ( in processing result )